AVATAR FİLMİNE ESTETİK DÜZLEMDE BAKMAK
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sefa Çeliksap[1]
Özet
Avatar son yıllarda Hollywood’dan çıkan en yenilikçi film. Bunların yanında James Cameron’un sadece sinemaya teknolojik olarak değil, içerik ve sinema dili olarak katkıda bulunduğunun örneği yaratıcı ve etkileyici bir çalışma. Bu yazı Avatar’ın hemen göze çarpan özellikleriyle, içeriği bütünleyen estetik yanını çok yönlü değerlendirmeye ve incelemeye davet ediyor.
Anahtar Sözcükler:
Bilim Kurgu, fantastik, ütopya, topluluk, teknolojik performans, 3D
Summary
Avatar is one of the most innovative Hollywood film, created in the recent years. With this film, the director James Cameron, has made important contrbutions to the cinema technology, and also content and the film language.
The article criticises the technological features and the aesthetical qualities which form the content of the film, Avatar.
Keywords: science fiction, fantasy, community, technological performance,3D
“Sinema tarihine bakarsanız, iki müthiş devrim görürsünüz; ses ve renk. ‘Avatar’ ile üçüncü büyük devrim yapılıyor…”
(Jeffrey Katzenberg, Dreamworks)
GİRİŞ
Amerikan kültürel geçmişinin tarihi çok uzun olmasa da “insanın dış gerçekliği ile kurduğu anlamlandırma ilişkilerinden biri olan “düş görme” ve fantazyalara gereksinme duyma alanında da, insan ile dış gerçekliği arasına giren”(Oskay, 2009; 7) Bilinç Endüstrisi’nin beklediği kültürel-endüstriyel “mamül” sinema alanından gelmekte, elde edilen büyük kazançlar yardımıyla Bilinç Endüstrisi alanı hızla gelişmektedir.
Bu alanda, izleyici-tüketicinin içerik-biçim açısından tercihini belirginleştirdiği dalın ise mitoloji çağına yeniden dönüşü ustalıkla bünyesine (hikayesine) katan Bilim Kurgu/Fantastik Sinema olduğu görülmektedir. Kaldı ki daha ortaya çıkar çıkmaz Hollywood Düş Fabrikası fantezinin sattığını keşfetmiş, bilinçli tekrarladığı kilişelerle, sanal mutlu son garantisiyle hikayelerini pazarlamaya devam etmiştir. Avatar, hem görsel, hem de işitsel düzeyde, izleyiciyi karakterlerle olay örgüsüne duygusal olarak bağlayan anlatısıyla bu büyük pazarın beklediği filmdir. Avatar filminin 220 milyon dolarlık yatarımın karşılığında dünya ölçeğinden kazandığı 2,669,393,054 $ (25 Mart 2010’a dek) gişe başarısı buna örnektir.
Salonlara-ekrana koşan düş görücünün (izleyici) yaşadığımız bu evrede reel-bilincin sınırlılıklarını aşmada güçlüklerle karşılaşması ve “hayatın insan için bir bütünlük içinde algılanmasının” (Oskay, 2009; 8) giderek olanaksızlaşması Avatar’ın da içinde olduğu Bilim Kurgu Sineması’na ilginin temel nedenidir. Ama yine de Avatar perdedeki imge ve karakterlerle, duygusal ve psikolojik bütünleşen hikayesiyle birçok bilim kurgu filminden hemen ayrılır.
Ballard’ın 20. yüzyılın esas sanatsal/edebî geleneği olduğunu söylediği Bilim Kurgu türünün yeni yüzyılda da etkisinin devam edeceği Avatar ile bir kez daha kanıtlanır. Bunda, Avatar’ın, tartışılmaz görsel-işitsel özelliği yanı sıra aynı tarihlerde gösterime çıkan, büyük bütçeli felaket filmlerinin yönetmeni Roland Emmerich’in yapımı, bazı teorisyenlere göre 21 Aralık 2012 tarihinde dünyanın sonunun geleceğini öngören Maya uygarlığının bu öngörüsünün doğru çıktığı bir geleceğin anlatıldığı “2012” adlı filmden (25 Mart 2010 tarihine değin 769,662,601 $ gelire sahip) insancıl, anlamlı ve umutlu mesajıyla ayrılmasının da payı vardır. Üç boyutlu ve benzersiz teknik üstünlüğü yanında dezavantajı da vardır. Dezavantajı klasik Hollywood yıldızlarına sahip olmamasıdır. Bu zaafına karşın Avatar’ın doğa ile barışçıl/ekojil biçimde yaşanması zorunluluğunu öne çıkarması, izleyiciyi çeken romantizmi ve özellikle mavi bedenleriyle egzotik topluluk, “Eywa olarak adlandırdıkları tanrıya ve tüm canlılar arasındaki derin ruhsal bağa dayalı, karmaşık bir kültür geliştirmiş” (Wilhelm ve Mathison, 2010; 27) Na’vilerin yaşantısı, daha test gösterilerinde izleyiciyi etkiler.
Bilim Kurgu serüveni
Öncelikle Bilim Kurgu edebiyatının mitolojik öykülerden, sihirli peri masallarından, fantazyalardan ayrıldığını ve bu edebiyatın yine de oralardan taşıdığı temel özelliklere karşın, “insanın bilişsel yeteneğine seslenen bir söylem biçimi, bir kurgu (fiction) niteliği” taşıdığı belirtilmelidir. Bu nedenle Bilim Kurgu metinlerinin Darko Suvin’in tanımıyla chronic bir yazınsal metin değil, diachronic bir metin olduğu, Bilim Kurgu türünün bilinen öğelerden yola çıkan ve geleceğin nasıl olacağını tasarlamaya çalışan ile (extrapolative bilim kurgu) dünyanın geçmişteki durumuyla şimdiki durumu arasında anolojiler yaparak ve bunları geleceği doğru uzatarak kestirimlerde bulunan (anolojik bilim kurgu) olduğu söylenebilir.
Bilim kurgu türü, 20. yy. başlarında Amerika’da ortaya çıkan pulp-magazinlerle gelişir, özellikle John W. Campbell’in Astounding Science Fiction dergisinin yöneticiliğine gelmesiyle “1920’lerin ve otuzların magazin bilim-kurgularında özellikle hayal ürünü, düşsel hünerli aygıtlar (gadgets) aracalığıyla insanlığın eski düşlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi teması ağır basarken, Campell’in etkisi altında bilim-kurgu, geleceğin teknolojisinin sosyal hayata olasıl etkilerini de tematize etmeye başlar.” (Roloff-Seeblen, 1995: 43)
1950’lerde Beat kuşağı içinde William S. Burroughs gibi kurgusal yazarlar, sonraki yıllarda Frank Herbert, Samuel R. Delany, Roger Zelazny, Harlan Ellison gibi Bilim Kurgu’nun düşünce, bakış ve içerik boyutuna yenilik katan yazarlar çıktı. Poul Anderson, Ursula K. Le Guin gibi sosyal bilim kurgu içinde adları geçen yazarlar ilk akla gelenlerdir. Ortada yeni bir bakış farkı vardır: Ray Bradbury’nin Fahrenheit 451’de (1953) ve Philip K. Dick’in Ubik’te (1969) yaptığı gibi insan düşüncesinin denetimi ve manipülasyonu sorunu öne çıkar. Yazarların bir bölümü, Jack Vance, Philip Jose Farmer, Philip K. Dick dil ve edebiyat bilimi alanlarından gelmektedir. Bir bakıma, bilim-kurgunun bir özgürleşme sürecine girdiği, dünyaya karşı daha duyarlı, daha eleştirel, daha açık, daha liberal davrandığı, Amerikan kendini-beğenmişliğinin ötesine geçtiği söylenebilir. Artık, 1960’lı yıllarda bir yanda İngiltere’den başlayan New Wave/Yeni Dalga içindeki yazarların da etkisiyle magazin bilim-kurgu bir yeniden doğuşu yaşar, ardından türün en önemli yayın biçimi kitaplar çoğalır. Bu kitapların temalarında bilim-kurgunun tasarım ve projelerindeki gelecek inancı, dünyanın geleceği kuşkulu bakışla yer alır; yergici, taşlamacı özelliğine, mistik yargılarda eklenir. J. G. Ballard gibi yazarlar, iç dünyanın (iner space) araştırılmasına yönelik yapıtlar sunar. Böylece Bilim-Kurgu, tarihinde ilk kez, “bilime duyulan inanç ve güveni ya da sömürgeci anlayışı tartışmaya açan ve bunlara radikal bir eleştiri yönelten eğilimler ortaya çıkmıştır.” (Roloff-Seeblen, 1995: 47) Örneğin, Ballard’ın, 1996’da David Cronenberg tarafından sinemaya uyarlanan ve “oto-erotizm” diyebileceğimiz bir eğretilemeyle, günümüz teknolojisinin içimizde uyuyan psikopatolojiyi nasıl uyandırabileceğini, seksle teknoloji arasındaki çarpıcı birlikteliğin “dehşetli” yanlarını gösteren (Çarpışma/Crash) adlı romanı bunlardan biridir. Kaldı ki Ballard Concrete Island romanında da otomobile “ait olan” bir dünyayı betimler.
Bilim Kurgu yolculuğu
Amerikan sinemasının ilk ve en tanınan bilim-kurgu örneği Robert Louis Stevenson’un aynı adlı romanından uyarlanan Dr. Jekyll ile Mr. Hyde’dan Frankenstein, Canavar Yaratan Doktor, (1931); Görünmeyen Adam (The Invisible Man, 1933), Dünyanın Durduğu Gün’e (The Day the Earth Stood Stili) nükleer denemelerin durdurulmasını isteyen yaratıkları da dünyaya indirerek yolculuk devam eder.
Soğuk savaş yıllarında Ray Bradbury’nin yapıtından uyarlanan Uzaydan Gelen Canavar’dan başlayarak birçok filmdeki dünyayı korkutan canavarlar kuşkusuz SSCB ya da komünizm hayaletinden başkası değildir. Ardından robotlar egemenliğini simgeleyen filmler gelir. Stanley Kubrick’in Arthur C. Clarke’ın Sentinel adlı öyküsünden uyarladığı 2001 A Space Odyssey (1968) ile Roger Vadim’in Jean Claude Forest’in çizgi romanından uyarladığı Barbarella (1967), Isaac Asimov’un romanından uyarlanan Fantastik Yolculuk (Fhantastic Voyage, 1966) altmışlı yılların önemli filmleridir.
Yukarıda bazılarının adlarını verdiğimiz insan aklını gerilim psikolojisiyle etkileyen ya da farklı çizgide temalara sahip filmlere, güncel politikaların ve toplumsal taleplerin değişmesinin de katkısıyla yenileri eklenecektir. Örneğin, “Star Wars” (Yıldız Savaşları) filminde kullanılan iki robot[2] karakter olan R2D2 ve C3PO’nun kendi yaşamlarını feda edecek kadar insansı duygularla yüklü olması, belki de bu yıllar boyu sürdürülen korkuyu gidermenin sonucudur. Günümüze doğru, sinema alanında Bilim Kurgu türünün yanı sıra korku-dehşet filmleri ve fantastik filmler ekranları bol sayıda doldurmaktadır. Bu nedenle filmde izleyiciyle kurulmak istenen bağa ilişkin -ilüzyonun boyutuna göre- değişikliklere rastlanmakta, Bilim Kurgu kendisi kadar kadar popülerleşmiş “düşsel, inanılmaz” temalarla zenginleşmiş Fantastik Sinemanın temalarından da yararlanmaktadır. Roloff ve Seeblen ortak kitabında Bilim Kurgu’nun ütopik edebiyat ile gotik fantezinin kaynaşmasından bunun için söz etmektedir. Bu görüş, her iki türün ortak yönleri olabileceğini akla getirmektedir: sinema ya da roman olsun, örneğin yeryüzünde hiç yaşamamış toplumlar, hayal ürünü yerleşim yerlerinden ve yaratıklardan söz edilmesi gibi. “Yüzüklerin Efendisi” (Lord of The Rings) bu konuya uygun en iyi örneklerden biridir. Bu nedenle “Yüzüklerin Efendisi”nin gezegeninde yaşayan Elfler kadar güzel-olumlu bir topluluk olan olan Na’viler, onların kurmaca evreni bazı Avatar üzerine yazılarda yanyana getirilmiştir.
Ütopya tasviri ve muhalif olma
Avatar ne anlatmaktadır? Filmin hikâyesi 22. yüzyılda, Dünya’nın kaynaklarının tükendiği bir zamanda, Pandora isimli bir uyduda mavi insansı görünümlü, kabile kültürünü benimsemiş, saldırıya uğramadıkları sürece barışçıl Na’viler yaşamaktadır. Ancak Pandora’da unobtanium adında (manyetik alanları hem püskürtebilen hem de içinde hapsedebilen bir yüksek-ısı süperiletkeni) değerli bir maden bulunmaktadır. Bu madeni elde etmek için askeri ve RDA yardımıyla bilimsel yöntemlere başvurulur. İnsanlar, Pandora’nın havasını solunamadıkları için, akıl bağlantısı aracılığıyla kontrol edilebilen insan ve Na’vi karışımı Avatarlar – Hinduizme atıfla “Avatar” denilmiş- bu nedenle üretilmektedir. Başroldeki belden aşağısı felçli eski deniz piyadesi Jack, ikiz kardeşi için üretilen Avatar bedenine sokulur. Görevi Na’vi‘lerle iletişim kurmak ve unobtanium‘u vermeleri için ikna etmektir. Na’vi prensesi Neytiri’ye aşık olan ve Na’vi’lerin bilgeliğine, doğayla barışık yaşamlarına saygı duymaya başlayan Jack, kendisini Pandora’yı gün geçtikçe tüketen ve şimdi de yakıp-yıkmaya çalışan askeri güçle Na’vi halkının arasındaki çatışmanın ortasında bulur.
James Cameron, 1978’de Xenogenesis ile girdiği sinema alanında az sayıda film yaptı, yine box ofis’i çok yüksek Titanik sonrası Avatar projesini hayalindeki filmi yapabilmek için gereken teknolojinin yetersizliği, bütçesinin yüksekliği ve ‘Battle Angel’ projesinin öne çıkması nedeniyle hayata geçiremedi. İstediği koşulların sağlandığı ve dört yıl süren çalışma sonucu Avatar, zevk yaratan anlatı yapısıyla izleyicinin karşısına çıkar. Senaryosu, giriş, gelişme, sonuç yapısıyla Hollywood denkleminin dışında değildir ve Son Mohikan’dan Kurtlarla Dans’a dek uzanan eski film klişelerini tekrarladığı söylenmiştir. Belki bu özellikleri nedeniyle filmi kolaya kaçarak çözümleyenler olmuş, filmdeki şirketi Amerika, Na’vileri Iraklılar, aranan enerji kaynağının petrol olduğu görüşüne hemen varılmıştır. Öte yandan Cameron’un bu filminde daha çok action görmek isteyenler ise düş kırıklığına uğramıştır. Kısaca, Avatar, yönetmene göre izleyicinin bilincine _aynı zamanda bilinçaltına- bazı siyasal ve toplumsal, insanı “özüne dönmeye” davet eden, “kendisiyle ve ekolojik çevreyle barışık olmasını” öne çıkartan mesajlar gönderen filmdir.
Öte yandan Navi prensesi Neytiri’nin masalsı aşkını içeren romantik yapısına özellikle dikkat çekenler olacaktır. Ayrıca sanki yaratık tarafından öldürülememiş Dwayne Hicks karakteri Jake Sully, Terminatörlerin vazgeçmeyen ve her öldü sanıldığında yeniden ayağa kalkan vazgeçmeyen T-800 ve T-1000’i Albay Miles, Aliens’in Helikopter pilotu Vasquez’i burada Trudy gibi karakterlerin, finalde albay ve Pandora yırtıcı kuşuna binmiş Neytiri’nin kapışmasının Aliens’de Ripley’in Mother Alien ile savaştığı sahnenin, Cameron’un izleyicinin büyük beğenisini kazanmış önceki filmlerinden ödünç alındığı ya da benzeştiği de ima edilmiştir.
Avatar bir yanda “modernleştirme” isteğiyle –neredeyse son elli yılında olduğu gibi- elindeki silahlardan başka bir güce gereksinme duymayan Amerikalı askerlerin yıkıcı-yok edici harekatlarını muhalif bir bakışla gösterir. Amerika’nın öncesinde Kızılderilileri, sonrasında Irak, Afganistan vb. işgallerinde olduğu gibi tarihi, kültürel yapıyı ve yüzlerce yıllık değerleri önemsemeden işgalini, yok edişini anımsatır. “Bu durum özellikle de Pandora gezegenine Amerikalıların yaptığı ilk saldırı sonrasında Jake Sully ve arkadaşları Na’vi halkının bölgeyi boşaltmalarını sağlamak için onlara desteğe gittiklerinde Amerikan askerlerini komuta eden Miles Quartch’in ‘teröre terörle cevap vermemiz gerek’ dediğinde belirginleşmektedir.” (Özdüzen, 2010; 68) Avatar, militarizmin talepleri karşısına Dr. Grace Augustine örneğinde modern bilimi –yetmeyecektir inanç sistemini– koyacaktır. Ancak Grace Amerikan askerlerinin uyguladığı şiddetin etkisiyle can verirken Na’vi inancında tanrı benzeri bir rol oynayan ve Pandora’nın dengesini sağlayan Eywa’yı hisseder, görür ve böylece “bilim” sarsıntıya uğrar, kim olursa olsun -ve kuşkusuz James Cameron’un kendisi-, bilim adamının da sistemin mayası muhafazakarlığın dışında kalamayacağını onaylamış olur. Öte yandan ilk bakışta filme ilişkin mesaj “doğanın ve doğa ile uyum içinde yaşayanların galibiyeti” gibi görünse ve biraz gerçek dışı bulunsa da, yakından bakılınca bu galibiyetin gerisinde kendini üstün gören, kendi dilini egemen hisseden -İngilizce ile yapılan iletişim- batılı/Amerikalı olma anlayışının varlığı saptanır: Avatar’da “Bu bağlamda da Cameron’un “batılı” ve “Amerikalı” reflekslerinden çok çabalasa bile kaçamadığını gösterir.” (Özdüzen, 2010; 70) Bir eleştiri yazısı ise daha özet söyler: “Filmin temel konusunun “sömürgecilik” ve “biyoçeşitlilik” olduğu doğru. Ancak ben, ortalama bir sinema izleyicisinin, Cameron’ın verdiğini iddia ettiği mesajları almadığını düşünüyorum. Zira Avatar, ABD’nin bugün Obama Yönetimi ile birlikte yeniden estetize edilen “resmi söyleminin” dışında hiçbir şey söylemiyor.” (Emre Kızılkaya, Hürriyet Dünya, 5 Ocak 2010)
Teknoloji ve sinema
Sinemanın yakın tarihine baktığımızda, sadece konularda değil, yaratıcılıkta teknolojinin kullanımıyla ilgili önemli katkılar görülür. “Matrix” (*) filminde (1999) Wochowski kardeşler çığır açıcı nitelikte sayılabilecek “flow motion” (akan devinim) adı verdikleri özel efekti filmin ana action yapısı içinde kullanarak filmin anlatımını güçlendirirler.
Aslında “flow motion” tekniği basit biçimiyle sinemanın başlangıç yıllarına dayanmaktadır: 1870’lerde popüler bir soru olan, üzerine bahisler oynanan “Bir at dört nala (gallop) koşarken dört ayağı birden yerden kesilir mi?” sorusunu cevaplamak isteyen Eadweard Muybridge’in (1830-1904) geliştirdiği bir sistemdir. Muybridge atın hareketli görüntüsünü saptayan phenakistoscope’u geliştirerek, ardından yüz yılı aşkın süre sonra da Matrix’teki kurşunların atıldığı sahnelere esin olan zoopraxiscope‘u yapacaktır. Wochowski kardeşlerin bir anlamda Eadweard Muybridge’e saygı duruşunda bulundukları ve “Bullet time” olarak adlandırılan teknik Muybridge’in geliştirilmiş zoopraxiscope’undan başkası değildir. Matrix’te, bir filmde yapılmasının olanaksız olduğu düşünülen her şeyi yapan Wochowski kardeşler, sonraki filmlerinden “Hızlı Yarışçı- Speed Racer”la da (2008) sinema teknik ilişkisini bir kez daha sorgularlar. En görkemli ve zorlu yarış pistlerinde uçan otomobillerin olduğu bu fantastik çizgi dizi filmi ekrana uyarlamak için bilgisayar animasyonunu gerçek oyuncularla birleştirirler. Ta ki egzotik mekânları filme alıp sanallaştırdıkları sahneye dek. Örneğin, yeşil perde önündeki oyuncularla İtalya, Fas, Avusturya, Türkiye ve Death Valley gibi lokasyonları birleştiren high-definition görüntüleri QuickTime Virtual Reality (QTVR) küreleri olarak bilinen ve “balon görüntü” olarak adlandırılan, 360 derece panoramik arka planlar yaratmak için kullanırlar.“Matrix”te yarattıkları ‘Bullet Time’ kavramını derinlik boyutu katan `Racer time’la genişletirler. Filmin görsel efekt sekanslarını oluşturmak ve “canlı anime görünümü” dedikleri görünümü elde etmek için ön, orta ve arka planın iki boyutlu animasyondakine benzer şekilde odakta kalmasını sağlayan bir görsel katmanlama, “2½D teknolojisi” olarak adlandırılan teknolojiyi kullanırlar. Bunlar son yıllarda sadece Wochowski kardeşlerin sinema-teknoloji ilişkilerine kattıklarıdır.
Avatar’da teknolojik farklılık
“Avatar”da görüntü yönetmeni Vince Pace ile birlikte James Cameron, “Reality Camera System”i (Gerçekçi Kamera Sistemi) on yıllık bir çalışmayla geliştirir. “Reality Camera System” aynı özelliklere sahip, yüksek çözünürlükte iki film kamerasının tek bir gövde üzerinde birleştirilmesi ve aynı anda çalışması özelliğine sahiptir. Ve Sony firmasına ait HDC-F 950[3] tipi modifiye edilerek ortaya çıkmış, sonra da Pace/Cameron Fusion 3D adını almıştır. Bu yeni kamera, önceki 3D tekniğinden farklı olarak insan gözü gibi görme-saptama özelliği taşımakta, derinlik algısını güçlendirmektedir. James Cameron daha önce geliştirilmiş olan IMAX (Motion Picture Film Format) formatını-gösteri salonlarını dikkate alır. IMAX DMR (Digital Re-mastering) teknolojisi sayesinde uzun metrajlı Hollywood filmlerini zaten IMAX’in klasik 35 mm’lik karelerden 10 kat daha büyük15/70 formatına aktararak izleyicilere sunmaktadır, bu kez aktarmaya gerek kalmayacaktır.
Öte yandan Avatar’ın gösterimi için RealD 3D sistemi tercih edilmiştir. Bu sistem en üst kalitede 2D ve 3D içerik gösterebilen sadece bir adet dijital projektör ve server kullanmaktadır. Sağ ve sol görüntüler, çok yüksek bir hızda, saniyede 144 kare olarak, sırasıyla perdeye yansıtılır. Her karede sağ ve sol göz için görüntü olarak değişirken, bu iki görüntünün birleşmesi, Real D 3D Sinema sisteminin ışığın yönünü değiştirerek RealD 3D Sinema gözlükleriyle -eski kırmızı ve mavi renkli gözlüklerinden tamamen farklı, polarize filtreli ve siyah- buluşturması ile sağlanır. Belirtmeli ki gümüş perdeye yansıtılan görüntü 35 trilyon renk içermektedir. Kullanılan dijital ses sistemi ise 36,600 Watt ses gücüne sahiptir. Böylece gerçek üç boyutlu, parlak görüntü ve ses ile Avatar’ı izlemek mümkün olmaktadır.
Bilgisayar ortamında canlandırılan karakterlerin hareketleri önceden “Facial Performance Capture Tecnology” (Hareket Yakalama Tekniği) adı verilen özel hareket algılayıcı bir yöntem kullanılarak gerçekleştiriliyordu. Avatar için geliştirilen yeni yazılım programı, Anatomy of a Motion-Capture yöntemiyle anında bilgisayar ekranında sonuç alınmıştır. Bu teknoloji Cameron’a göre “hareket algılama” değil, “performans yakalama” (the performance-capture stage) başarısıdır. Çünkü oyuncular hareket etmezler, duygu yaratırlar.
Avatar, fantastik bir dünya kurma ve yararlandığı 3D ve CG özellikleriyle, görsel-estetik çarpıcılık noktasında başarılı bir filmdir. Bu yılın Oscar dağıtım töreninde aldığı en iyi sanat yönetmenliği, en iyi görüntü yönetmenliği, en iyi görsel efekt ödülleri Avatar’ın ardındaki teknik ve estetik üstünlüğün kanıtıdır.
Sonuç:
Theo Angelopoulos’un son filmi “Zamanın Tozu” için söylediği gibi ütopya üçüncü kanattır ve Avatar ütopik tasviri, muhalif görüntüsü ile, içinde birçok klişeyi barındırsa da barış/sevgi/doğaya saygı dilini kullanan temasıyla üçüncü kanatı, ütopyayı izleyiciye taşımıştır. Üstelik bunu filmin estetiğini-teknik üstünlüğünü de belirleyen görüntü ve sesle, Imax ve RealD 3D sistemine sahip salonlarda sunumuyla bütünsel yapar, tüm bunlar onun yenilikçi-titizlenilen özelliğini pekiştirir. Bu nedenle Avatar, sadece içerik düzleminde değil, teknik ve estetik düzeyde de incelenmesi, anlaşılması gereken bir filmdir. Avatar’ın kolayca anlatılamayacak düşlerin filmleştirilmesine yol gösteren yaratıcı bir sinemanın kapısını araladığı açıkça saptanır. Avatar hissettirmektedir: Önümüzdeki günlerde hem ideoloji-anlatı, hem teknik-estetik düzeyde iki boyutlu ekranın izleyicisi olmak yerine (**), üç boyutlu gözlüğümüzü takarak yeni sinemaların, yeni hayatların peşine düşme zamanı olacaktır.
(*) Matrix filminden önce “free cam” kamera hareketi tekniği aslında digital olarak tasarlanmış “Electronic Art” bilgisayar yazılım şirketi tarafından “Fifa 98” isimli sanal bilgisayar oyunda kullanmıştı.
(**) Bknz: Eser Dilsöz, “Avatar”a Buradan Bakmak”, Yeni Film, sayı 19, 2010; “Kısacası artık bize dayatılan iki boyutlu ekranın izleyicisi olmak yerine üç boyutlu gözlüğümüzü takıp yaşananların bizi de etkileyebileceği hissiyatına varacak mıyız?”
Kaynakça:
ALBAYRAK, Atıl, 2010. “Avatar Üç Boyutlu Devrim”, NTV Bilim, Sayı 11, Ocak
ÇELİKTUĞ, Ebru, (2009). “Yeni Bir Dünya”, Cinema, Aralık
KIZILKAYA, Emre, “Avatar”, Hürriyet Dünya Gazetesi, 5, Ocak 2010
OSKAY, Ünsal, (?). “Çağdaş Fantasya”, Der Yayınları, İstanbul
ÖZGÜLEN, Ethem, (2010). “Belgeselde Gerçeklik ve Hakikatı Tanımlama”, Yeni Film, sayı19, Ocak –Mart
ROLLOF, Bernhard & SEESSLEN, Georg, (1995). “Ütopik Sinema”, Çev: ATAYMAN, V. Turan, Alan Yayıncılık, İstanbul
ULAGAY, Alp, “Avatar Dijital yenilik”, Haber Türk Pazr ek, 13 Aralık 2009
WILHEM, Maria & MATHİSON, Dirk, (2010). “Avatar”, Çev: ATILIM,Turan, Özgür Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık, İstanbul
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Casibom, muadillerini geride kalarak uzun soluklu casino platformların önüne geçmeyi başarılı oluyor. Bu alanda eski olmak önemli olsa da, oyuncularla iletişim kurmak ve onlara erişmek da benzer miktar önemlidir. Bu durumda, Casibom’un 7/24 servis veren gerçek zamanlı destek ekibi ile rahatça iletişime ulaşılabilir olması büyük önem taşıyan bir artı getiriyor.
Süratle genişleyen oyuncuların kitlesi ile dikkat çekici olan Casibom’un arkasındaki başarım faktörleri arasında, yalnızca kumarhane ve canlı olarak casino oyunlarına sınırlı kısıtlı olmayan geniş bir hizmetler yelpazesi bulunuyor. Sporcular bahislerinde sunduğu geniş seçenekler ve yüksek oranlar, katılımcıları çekmeyi başarıyor.
Ayrıca, hem sporcular bahisleri hem de casino oyunlar katılımcılara yönlendirilen sunulan yüksek yüzdeli avantajlı bonuslar da dikkat çekiyor. Bu nedenle, Casibom hızla piyasada iyi bir pazarlama başarısı elde ediyor ve önemli bir katılımcı kitlesi kazanıyor.
Casibom’un kazanç sağlayan bonusları ve ünlülüğü ile birlikte, platforma üyelik hangi yollarla sağlanır sorusuna da bahsetmek gereklidir. Casibom’a hareketli cihazlarınızdan, bilgisayarlarınızdan veya tabletlerinizden internet tarayıcı üzerinden kolaylıkla erişilebilir. Ayrıca, platformun mobil cihazlarla uyumlu olması da büyük bir fayda sunuyor, çünkü şimdi neredeyse herkesin bir cep telefonu var ve bu telefonlar üzerinden hızlıca giriş sağlanabiliyor.
Hareketli tabletlerinizle bile yolda canlı bahisler alabilir ve yarışmaları canlı olarak izleyebilirsiniz. Ayrıca, Casibom’un mobil uyumlu olması, memleketimizde kumarhane ve casino gibi yerlerin meşru olarak kapatılmasıyla birlikte bu tür platformlara erişimin önemli bir yolunu oluşturuyor.
Casibom’un emin bir casino sitesi olması da gereklidir bir avantaj sağlıyor. Belgeli bir platform olan Casibom, kesintisiz bir şekilde eğlence ve kazanç elde etme imkanı sağlar.
Casibom’a üye olmak da oldukça rahatlatıcıdır. Herhangi bir belge koşulu olmadan ve ücret ödemeden siteye rahatça abone olabilirsiniz. Ayrıca, platform üzerinde para yatırma ve çekme işlemleri için de birçok farklı yöntem mevcuttur ve herhangi bir kesim ücreti talep edilmemektedir.
Ancak, Casibom’un güncel giriş adresini takip etmek de gereklidir. Çünkü gerçek zamanlı şans ve casino siteleri popüler olduğu için sahte platformlar ve dolandırıcılar da görünmektedir. Bu nedenle, Casibom’un sosyal medya hesaplarını ve güncel giriş adresini düzenli aralıklarla kontrol etmek önemlidir.
Sonuç, Casibom hem güvenilir hem de kazandıran bir kumarhane platformu olarak dikkat çekiyor. Yüksek promosyonları, geniş oyun alternatifleri ve kullanıcı dostu mobil uygulaması ile Casibom, casino sevenler için ideal bir platform getiriyor.
April 26, 2024 at 4:34 pm
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로드스탁과 레버리지 방식의 스탁: 투자의 새로운 분야
로드스탁에서 제공되는 레버리지 스탁은 주식 투자법의 한 방법으로, 큰 수익률을 목적으로 하는 투자자들을 위해 매혹적인 옵션입니다. 레버리지를 사용하는 이 방법은 투자자가 자신의 투자금을 넘어서는 금액을 투입할 수 있도록 함으로써, 주식 장에서 훨씬 큰 작용을 행사할 수 있는 기회를 공급합니다.
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레버리지 방식의 스탁은 일반적으로 자금을 대여하여 운용하는 방법입니다. 예시를 들어, 100만 원의 자금으로 1,000만 원 상당의 주식을 취득할 수 있는데, 이는 투자자가 기본적인 자본보다 훨씬 더 많은 주식을 사들여, 증권 가격이 올라갈 경우 해당하는 더욱 큰 수익을 얻을 수 있게 합니다. 그렇지만, 증권 값이 하락할 경우에는 그 손실 또한 크게 될 수 있으므로, 레버리지 사용을 이용할 때는 조심해야 합니다.
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레버리지 사용은 특히 성장 잠재력이 높은 기업에 투입할 때 유용합니다. 이러한 회사에 높은 비율로 투자하면, 잘 될 경우 상당한 이익을 얻을 수 있지만, 반대 경우의 경우 상당한 위험성도 감수하게 됩니다. 그렇기 때문에, 투자자들은 자신의 위험성 관리 능력을 가진 시장 분석을 통해 통해, 일정한 사업체에 얼마만큼의 자본을 적용할지 결정하게 됩니다 합니다.
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레버리지 스탁은 상당한 수익을 제공하지만, 그만큼 큰 위험성 수반합니다. 주식 거래의 변동성은 예상이 힘들기 때문에, 레버리지 사용을 사용할 때는 언제나 상장 경향을 세심하게 관찰하고, 손해를 최소화하기 위해 수 있는 계획을 마련해야 합니다.
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로드스탁에서 공급하는 레버리지 스탁은 강력한 투자 수단이며, 적절히 이용하면 상당한 이익을 제공할 수 있습니다. 하지만 높은 위험도 신경 써야 하며, 투자 결정이 충분히 많은 정보와 조심스러운 판단 후에 실시되어야 합니다. 투자자 본인의 재정적 상태, 위험 수용 능력, 그리고 시장 상황을 생각한 조화로운 투자 방법이 핵심입니다.
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